Discuss complete working of hub, switch, router and gateway.

Complete working of the hub

·         A Hub is a networking device which receives a signal from the source amplifies it and send it to multiple destinations or computers.

·         A hub work at the physical layer.

·         It works in a half-duplex (one way) communication mode, and there is always a chance of data collision in a half-duplex mode of communication.

·         It does not understand any data format sees the data in the form an electrical signal.

·         It broadcasts (sends to all) every data it receives to every connected PC/node in the network on every single time. In other words, Hub cannot unicast the data.

Complete working of switch:

·         A network switch is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device.

·         Switches operate in a full-duplex mode where devices can send and receive data from the switch at the simultaneously unlike in half-duplex mode

·         Switch transfers the data only to that port which is connected to the destination device.

Complete working of the router:

·         A router (including a wireless router) is a specialized networking device connected to two or more networks running software that allows the router to move data from one network to another.

·         A router  is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

·         Router functions in an Internet protocol-based networks operate at the network layer.

Complete working of gateway:

·        Gateway is a device used to connect multiple networks and passes packets from one packet to another network. Acting as the ‘gateway’ between different networking systems or computer programs, a gateway is a device which forms a link between them.

·         A gateway is a network node connecting two networks that use different protocols.

·         Gateways regulate traffic between two dissimilar networks, while routers regulate traffic between similar networks